zondag 29 januari 2017

In Almost Every Picture Erik Kessels Photobooks of Found Photographs since the 1960s: New Neorealism Mirelle Thijsen


Erik Kessels has just added an 11th book to his cult series, 'In Almost Every Picture', this time focusing on one man's obsession with photographing his wife, fully-dressed, in bodies of water. The founding partner and creative director of leading communications agency KesselsKramer collects vernacular photography, scouring flea markets and the internet for pictures, that as a collection, contain a narrative that goes beyond their significance as individual photographs. Over the years he has curated these finds into a series of beautifully designed books, each with an individual charm, telling a story that ranges from the comically incidental to the deeply poignant. It's no surprise that the editions have become highly sought after collector's items. Here, we take a look through the full collection of books.

Lost & Found
Erik Kessels’ compelling collections of found images are made more vital by their obsolescence.
By Rick Poynor 1st February 2008

Erik Kessels’ latest book presents around 70 miniature scenes from a woman’s life. We don’t know who she is. A brief text describes the pictures as passport photos. Some might not be, but she is certainly the sole subject. We see her clothes, her changing hairstyles, her different moods – sometimes she is radiant, sometimes she appears more reflective, even gloomy. In many cases, the portrait is part of a set and we see other pictures, with different expressions, shot at the same time. The earliest is dated 1926, when she looks about four, and the last is from 1978, which would put her in her mid-50s. There is no information about why the sequence stops or what happened next.

Outwardly simple—each spread consists of a single shot on a black background—the book is utterly compelling. It is not often you get to see a person aging, almost year by year, with this unwavering focus. Although the photos will have been taken by many different hands, the effect of seeing them as a group turns the project into a self-portrait. However the pictures came to be in this book, it’s clear that the woman herself must have kept them together as a collection, through the years, as a document of her life. She could still be alive, but everything about the book suggests she has gone.

The volume is titled In Almost Every Picture and it’s the sixth in a series—each book has the same title—that began in 2001. Kessels, their creator, is best known as co-founder of the KesselsKramer advertising agency in Amsterdam, notorious for its campaigns for the Hans Brinker Budget Hotel, which somehow contrived to make a selling point out of the dogshit in its doorway. On the side, Kessels has emerged as one of the most interesting figures working in the increasingly popular area of found photography. I caught up with him at a conference in Antwerp, where we were both staying in an old hospital that had been converted into a hotel. Quirky but tranquil, it turned out to be a good place to talk about Kessels’ obsession with the traces of their existence that people leave behind in their photos.

Kessels found the pictures of the woman in Brussels. He doesn’t know her name, but he is sure she is no longer alive. In the last decade, he has amassed around 300 old albums and collections of photos. “In Brussels, there is a market that starts every day at six o’clock, until 12 o’clock, and every day there is fresh stuff,” he says. “People die and then you have these Moroccan and Turkish dealers who empty the house and put it on the market that day. I recently went there and filled my whole car again with albums.” The dealers don’t see the value of old family photos, which are of no interest to most people browsing through the junk, and will sell whole collections for a handful of euros.

While artists such as Christian Boltanski, Hans-Peter Feldmann and Joachim Schmid have been using found photographs in their artworks for decades, a wider public interest in collecting pictures found in flea markets, in forgotten corners of the attic, or under foot in the street, has taken off only in the last few years, propelled by the internet. Sites such as Look at Me and Time Tales show ordinary snapshots sent in by people around the world and publishers have joined the trend with volumes such as Anonymous (Thames & Hudson) and Photo Trouvée (Phaidon). Found, a magazine dedicated to all kinds of serendipitous revelation, published a collection of found Polaroids. In 2006, Tate Modern even ran a found photography workshop.

In his role as art director, Kessels spends his days at the agency sifting through and selecting photographs, so handling other people’s pictures comes easily. “In this case, of course, it is much more private. I find these images, in most cases, ten times more interesting than a professional photographer would make them because there are errors and mistakes. The choices they make: it’s always on an amateur level. It’s like with the drawing of a child – you sometimes find very interesting things in there.”

For the most part, collections of found photographs focus on the singular image, which has no implicit connection with other equally random images among which it is shown. Kessels has acquired thousands of pictures of this kind, but they are not what he is looking for. “I’m not interested in making a book or collection of images just randomly,” he says. “I find it much more interesting to have a story.” He held on to images of an anonymous, well-dressed Spanish woman — found in Barcelona in a box of around 400 large-format square slides — for several years before deciding to make her the subject of the first In Almost Every Picture, where, in fact, she appears in every single shot. For 13 years, starting in 1956, the photographer, who can only be her husband, posed her by the sea, in the park, in the mountains, and wherever the two happened to be taking a break. Each slide was carefully marked with a number, date and location.

After the book came out, there was an exhibition of the pictures in Barcelona. Kessels treated the invitation as a fold-out poster, asking for anyone who had known the woman to come forward. “I also made a little promo for television and they aired that a lot. She was on the news and in El Pais they called her ‘Signora X’.” A couple of weeks later, a woman in her 70s contacted the gallery to say that she had worked with Signora X at Telefónica, the phone company, that her colleague’s name was Josefina Iglesias, and that she had died around 15 years earlier. Josefina’s husband, a doctor — “a skinny, small guy”, according to Kessels, seen in a few photos in the collection — had died several years later. They were childless and there was no family.

Josefina Iglesias’ curious second life didn’t end there. Agnès B saw the pictures at the photography festival in Arles and in 2005 mounted an exhibition at her Galerie du Jour in Paris. Four of the images appeared on a limited edition of 200 Agnès B T-shirts available to fashion-conscious buyers. Does Kessels feel responsible for the way he handles the memory of dead people who never expected their private photos to surface in the public domain?

“I feel very responsible,” he says. “It would be fantastic if I could give the pictures back.” In several of the volumes, there is a line saying that if the portraits belong to you, “they will be dutifully restored”. Josefina appeared on the cover of a Dutch novel, because the publisher asked for permission, but Kessels is adamant that, with the exception of the T-shirt, which does seem questionable, he would never turn the pictures into merchandise. The books don’t make money, he says, though the Josefina volume has sold close to 10,000 copies over three print runs. Nor would he use his archive of photos in any of KesselsKramer’s commercial projects. “For instance, I’m not going to blow these images up into enormous posters and put a logo on them.”

Even so, he speculates about a further use of Josefina’s pictures at some point. “I collect the appearance of her in other media as well – when she’s on the cover of a magazine. I think I could almost do something again with that.”

In subsequent books, Kessels continued to search for a story strong enough to hold together a set of pictures. The subject for the second arrived in his lap when a Dutch photographer, Andrea Stultiens, contacted him about a collection of photographs that a student in Nijmegen had rescued from the rubbish after the death of a taxi driver named A J Paetzhold, who lived in the same building. Almost every picture shows an elderly woman sitting in the front seat of a parked Mercedes against mountainous backdrops and scenes of the open road in Switzerland, Austria and Germany. By making enquiries, they learned that the woman had been disabled and used a wheelchair.

As Kessels notes, the pictures cut together to make “an almost filmic story”, though we see a lot more of the two Mercedes cars (one grey, one brown) than of the woman, who remains a distant, mysterious figure. Why did these two people collude to record their journeys in such a restricted way? If the pair had been engaged in an art project, the results could hardly have been more uncompromising. The concentration is, however, partly the result of editing. Kessels chose not to include shots of the taxi driver’s Audi and Opel, also used for the trips, giving the material a visual continuity that life never had.

On one hand, these books of found photos appear to be straightforward transcriptions of reality: direct, surprising and touching revelations of the normally hidden circumstances of an ordinary person’s life. They appeal to viewers who know that professional cameras often lie yet who still hunger for visual truth. Kessels refers to the “fake world” of advertising and his preference, in KesselsKramer campaigns, for messy realism. “I’m more interested in a poster with a model when she has a spot, which is very annoying. I believe that people look more at that image than at a Photoshop image, or somebody with beautiful white teeth. So I would leave the spot in.”

But these collections, like all found photographs, are also fictions. They engage us because, in the absence of much, or any, information about what the pictures depict, or why, they allow us to imagine anything we like about their contents, to project our own story on to the images. (In that sense we, too, are “in almost every picture”.) The brief essays at the back of each book have a tendency to over-interpret the photos. Kessels suggests that by the time Dr Iglesias took the later pictures of Josefina, he had fallen out of love with her, pushing her back further in the frame than in the early photos. Well, maybe. And, in the fourth book, what happened to the ever-present twin who is suddenly missing from the picture shot in Gibraltar on 6 June 1946 and never appears again? Did she die? That’s the implication, though we have to take it on trust that she didn’t return in a later picture not shown in the book. But, then again, as the critic Susan Sontag noted, all photographs are memento mori – reminders of death. “What I’m interested in is how life fades, in a way, throughout the albums,” says Kessels.

These books are exploitative in the sense that the individuals they show didn’t have a choice, although there are millions of photographs in circulation featuring people who weren’t asked whether they wanted to be a subject. Kessels displays a journalistic ruthlessness in his instinct for a good ‘story’, but he does it tenderly, without irony, as a remarkable short film he made about his sister confirms. Stuttering, repeated shots of Kessels and the girl playing ping-pong in the garden create a growing sense of menace until it finally emerges that Kessels’ sister died in an accident 25 years ago and this family footage is a kind of ghostly memory. When he showed his found photos at the Centraal Museum in Utrecht, in 2006, he called the exhibition Loving Your Pictures, signalling both our compulsive fascination and the feeling we invest in these images.

In any case, distinctions between public and private are much less clear-cut now. We photograph ourselves with a frequency that would have bemused earlier generations who shot pictures on costly film more sparingly. Yet only a small proportion of these digital images ever become tangible prints in an album. “In 50 or 60 years’ time, it might be the case that there is not a lot left from this period,” says Kessels. That realisation makes the discarded images he has plucked from the trash even more poignant and precious.

The KesselsKramer shop, KK Outlet, opens on 1 February at 42 Hoxton Square, London N1 6PB. See Kessels’ books of found photos and other publications at kesselskramerpublishing.com

Heimwee naar het gewone
De kunst is om zonder spektakel naar het gewone te kijken. Aandacht maakt nieuw. Dit is het vijftiende deel van de reeks `Vergezichten' waarin Anna Tilroe op zoek gaat naar kunstoverschrijdende experimenten.
Anna Tilroe
3 mei 2002

Tussen juni 1956 en december 1969 heeft een man ruim vijfhonderdvijftig maal een vrouw gefotografeerd. Dat weten we doordat iemand vorig jaar op een vlooienmarkt in Spanje zoveel foto's van hen heeft gevonden. Niemand wist toen hoe het stel heette en waarom de foto's daar terecht waren gekomen. Pas toen de foto's enkele maanden geleden in een boek verschenen en een galerie in Barcelona er een tentoonstelling aan wijdde, meldden zich mensen die hen hadden gekend. Ze vertelden dat het echtpaar, een arts en zijn vrouw, een goed, maar kinderloos huwelijk had gekend en dat beiden op vrij jonge leeftijd aan kanker waren gestorven.

Tragisch dus, maar toch ook gewoon het leven, en het valt te hopen dat de vinder en samensteller van het boek, de Nederlandse reclamemaker Erik Kessels, de verleiding kan weerstaan daar sensatie in te blazen. Want sensatie hebben we al zoveel. De kwaliteit van de foto's is nu juist dat ze iets tonen dat in onze van extremen aan elkaar hangende beeldcultuur een zeldzaamheid begint te worden: het gewone als dat wat het is.

Je realiseert je die zeldzaamheid eigenlijk pas als je de 78 foto's bekijkt die Kessels voor zijn boek In almost every picture heeft geselecteerd. Iedere foto is een vakantiekiekje van het soort dat in ontelbare familie-albums voorkomt, maar dan toegespitst op een enkel persoon: de echtgenote. Zij is een mollige vrouw die de burgerlijke chic van de jaren '50/'60 met bescheiden allure draagt en even gereserveerd als welwillend lacht naar de fotograaf of wegdroomt bij het landschap. Die fotograaf moet wel haar echtgenoot zijn, want de regie blijft door de jaren heen vrijwel gelijk. Steeds zien we haar, overbewust van haar taak, variëren op een klein aantal houterige poses die moeten benadrukken hoe sfeervol/idylllisch/ontspannen/sportief/luxueus de vakantie wel niet was. En hoe gelukkig de verbintenis. Om die reden leunt ze, gekleed in een blauwe driekwart broek met witte blouse, op de auto (zo'n hogehoed Citroën waar liefhebbers nu bij hyperventileren), baadt ze, in badpak op een rotsblok zittend, haar voeten in zee en ligt ze, bevallig op een arm leunend, in een sneeuwlandschap haar winterkleding te showen. Op de achterkant van de foto heeft hij steeds de datum en de plaats geschreven. Daardoor weten wij dat zij in juni 1957 in Badalona, tussen hoge maïsstengels poserend, speciaal voor hem een rode bloem tussen haar tanden heeft geklemd.

Het ontroert. Onbekommerd leveren de man en de vrouw zich uit aan clichés waar pubers van tegenwoordig om grinniken. Zij kennen zo'n samenspel van gesoigneerde, kuise vrouwelijkheid en bewonderende, maar dirigerende mannelijkheid alleen nog van soaps. Wat dit betreft heeft het lot met 1969 het juiste jaar gekozen voor het einde van de serie. Dat geldt ook voor de positieve en optimistische levensverwachting die eruit spreekt. Niemand gelooft meer in het idee van de wereld dat het paar twaalf jaar lang onveranderlijk heeft gerepresenteerd, een wereld waarin de zon altijd schijnt, het lijf wel is doorvoed, steden, stranden en zeeën smetteloos schoon en mensen blij en gelukkig zijn. Een wereld kortom zonder drama. Kom daar nu nog eens om.

Wij zijn verslaafd aan drama. Zozeer, dat zelfs het allergewoonste wordt gedramatiseerd. Ontelbaar zijn de tv-programma's waarin mensen hun liefdesverdriet, impotentie, hekel aan strijken en angst voor spinnen of vrouwen aan miljoenen anderen mogen voorleggen als betrof het een hoogst persoonlijke eigenaardigheid. Natuurlijk weten zij dat dit niet zo is (dat mag je tenminste hopen), maar onder het licht van de massamedia wordt nu eenmaal ieder een Icarus in zijn eigen ultrakorte theaterstuk. In zijn vlucht omhoog sleept hij de details van zijn leven mee als een staart van vuurwerk.

De filosoof Guy Debord (1931-1994) leverde daar in 1967 al een woest commentaar op in zijn boek De spektakelmaatschappij. ,,Het gehele leven van de samenlevingen waarin de moderne produktieverhoudingen heersen, dient zich aan als een ontzaggelijke opeenhoping van spektakels'', luidt de eerste zin van zijn cultuurkritische betoog. De oorzaak daarvan is volgens hem de vervlechting van het economisch systeem, de consumptiemaatschappij zeg maar, met de beeld- en amusementscultuur. Samen leveren ze modellen van leven waarin alles spectaculair wordt en het spektakel doel op zichzelf. Het leidt er volgens hem toe dat mensen op alle gebieden het onderscheid niet meer kunnen of zelfs niet meer willen maken tussen werkelijkheid en schijn: ,,De werkelijkheid ontstaat in het spektakel en het spektakel is werkelijkheid.''

De spektakelmaatschappij is vorig jaar opnieuw uitgebracht door uitgeverij `De Dolle Hond'. In een roofdruk, zoals past bij een filosoof die als leider van de `Internationale Situationisten' een marxistisch-anarchistische maatschappijbeeld voorstond. Die heruitgave is niet toevallig. De antiglobaliseringsbeweging met attractieve woordvoerders als Naomi Klein en Noreena Hertz, heeft oude politieke idealen en alternatieve maatschappijvormen in een recyclingsproces gebracht en daarbij bleek de oude Marx los van het communisme nog heel wat potentie te hebben. De Italiaanse neomarxist Antonio Negri belandde vorig jaar met zijn antikapitalistische boek Empire zelfs kort in de spektakelindustrie.

De nieuwe ontwikkelingen zijn niet voorbijgegaan aan de kunst. Steeds meer kunstenaars ontwikkelen projecten die duidelijk sociaal gericht zijn, meestal op kleine schaal, maar steeds vaker ook samen met architecten, stedebouwkundigen, ontwerpers of wetenschappers (zoals in deze serie onder meer Ana Maria Tavares, Arno van der Mark, Arnoud Holleman en davidkremers). Ze beroepen zich niet op totalitaire denkbeelden, keren zich ook niet tegen de bestaande orde, maar onderzoeken wat praktisch haalbaar is en toch alternatieven biedt. Je zou kunnen zeggen dat ze behoedzaam de hoop levendig houden op het ontstaan van een nieuwe realiteit.

Die nieuwe realiteit is altijd het doel geweest van de moderne kunst. Het modernisme ging in zijn radicale vormgeving zelfs gelijk op met een idealistische, progressieve politiek. De kunst zou de modellen leveren voor een nieuwe wereld en in zekere zin heeft ze dat ook gedaan. Zonder het constructivisme, het Bauhaus, de Stijl, het kubisme en allerlei vormen van geometrische abstractie zou een groot deel van de wereld er de vorige eeuw heel anders hebben uitgezien.

Maar de Nieuwe Wereld bleek geen plek waar een Nieuwe Mens geboren wilde worden en dat was wel de afspraak die het modernisme met zichzelf had gemaakt. Een stad als Brasilia is zelfs met die aanname gebouwd. De snelle, efficiënte, rationele en a-historische samenleving van tegenwoordig brengt een mens voort die neemt zonder te geven. Dat is pijnlijk, temeer nu zich culturen manifesteren die zich daar nadrukkelijk niet naar wensen te voegen.

De kunst heeft daar geen antwoord op. Ze komt, zo bleek kort geleden op de Biënnale van Sao Paulo, niet verder dan inventariseren en, gedeprimeerd of cynisch, becommentariëren. Voorlopig althans, want naar verluidt brengt de verrechtsing van Europa een groeiend aantal kunstenaars tot politiek activisme. Maar of dat een nieuw wereldbeeld oplevert? Of zelfs maar een nieuwe stijl? We zullen zien.

Wat je misschien nu al wel kunt zeggen is dat er meer realiteitszin is gekomen en dat `11 september' die heeft aangescherpt. Tal van kunstenaars die een paar maanden na de aanslag door kunstbladen werden ondervraagd, zeiden het belang in te zien van een soort samentrekking, een pas op de plaats, waarbij zij zichzelf opnieuw vragen moesten stellen over schijn en werkelijkheid en over de functie van kunst in de samenleving. De tijd van surface surfers en teeny boppers in de kunst is voorbij, zei er een. Formele kunst kan nu niet meer, zei een ander. En Julian LaVerdiere, de bedenker van de `Towers of Light', de twee lichtkolommen die nu op de plaats van de Twin Towers staan, stelde dat de kunstenaar nu een voorbeeld van intellectuele integriteit moet zijn. Een oproep tot orde dus, ofwel back to reality.

Maar hoe doe je dat? En welke realiteit? Volgens de samenstellers van het boek `As found, the discovery of the ordinary', de Zwitserse architecten Claude Lichtenstein en Thomas Schregenberger, kan de realiteit gevonden worden door `op een radicale manier aandacht aan dingen te schenken'. Bestaande dingen, want daar valt nog heel wat aan te ontdekken. In onze eeuwige jacht op het nieuwe zijn wij geneigd om dingen die er al zijn af te doen als `nieuws van gisteren'. Maar, schrijven zij, een positieve benadering van het bestaande kan tot nieuwe inzichten en vormen leiden.

De twee erkennen dat daarvoor wel een mentaliteitsverandering nodig is. Wat eerst en vooral overboord moet, is het uit de Verlichting stammende en door het modernisme voortgedragen idee van `belangeloze kunst'. Want dat gaat uit van iets wat buiten de kunst zelf ligt, het Absolute. Kunst die de wereld op een realistische manier wil benaderen, moet zich juist engageren met wat zich voordoet. Zonder vooraf opgestelde ethische en esthetische principes, uitsluitend met een diep respect.

Bevlogen woorden. Je vraagt je alleen af of de onbevangen blik die bij dit alles wordt verlangd, wel mogelijk is. Wij zijn, of wij dat nu willen of niet, gestempeld door de esthetische tradities van onze cultuur en deze schuiven automatisch voor onze ogen als wij met respectvolle aandacht naar een gebarsten theepot kijken. Dat realiseert het duo zich ook wel, maar het legt zich daar niet bij neer. Esthetiek, menen zij, heeft te maken met wat je wilt dat mooi en goed is. De nieuwe As Found- mentaliteit neemt genoegen met dat wat er is, in al zijn directheid, rauwheid en materiële aanwezigheid.

De twijfel knaagt. Alles in onze wereld is al benoemd en gecodeerd, door de kunst, de filosofie, de commercie, en dat steeds meer in onderlinge wisselwerking. Aan de andere kant, nu alle betekenissen verschuiven en hierarchieën worden opgeheven, ligt daar misschien ook weer een kans. Kijk maar naar In almost every picture. Het voert te ver om de foto's kunst te noemen, want meer dan geslaagde amateurfoto's zijn het niet. En toch wordt het simpel gehouden boekje uitgegeven door Artimo, een uitgeverij die alleen kunst- en kunstenaarsboeken verzorgt. Misschien omdat hier, al dan niet bewust, het principe van As Found is toegepast: aandacht maakt nieuw.

Zijn we hiermee niet gewoon terug bij het feit dat als je iets maar op de juiste wijze en in de juiste context presenteert, het vanzelf meerwaarde krijgt? Een fenomeen dat bij het museum hoort en tegenwoordig ook bij de commerciële wereld met zijn brands? Ja en nee. Weliswaar hebben de manieren waarop Gucci zijn tassen en Prada haar schoenen presenteert museale allure, ze zijn tegelijkertijd zonder uitzondering spectaculair. Het is opvallend hoezeer de musea met hun museumnachten en andere festiviteiten in die ontwikkeling meegaan.

Zo vervloeit ook de kunst met de spektakelindustrie.

De nieuwe mentaliteit die As Found propageert, verbijzondert wel de dingen, maar maakt ze niet spectaculair. Spektakel vertroebelt met zijn vervoering en mystificatie het zicht op het concrete en gewone. En juist daar moeten we het van hebben als we meer zicht willen krijgen op wat werkelijkheid is.

Maar willen we dat?

KesselsKramer: `In almost every picture'. Uitg. Artimo.

`As Found, the Discovery of the Ordinary' – edited by Claude Lichtenstein en Thomas Schregenberger, Lars Müller Publishers.

Guy Debord: `De spektakelindustrie'. Uitg. De dolle hond.


Erik Kessels : In Almost Every Picture from Les Rencontres d'Arles on Vimeo.











zaterdag 28 januari 2017

Revisiting Josef Koudelka’s Wall – in 1944 Wall Josef Koudelka Photography


Josef Koudelka: Wall
Published by Aperture
Text by Ray Dolphin, Gilad Baram.

Featured image is reproduced from Josef Koudelka: Wall.Josef Koudelka’s Wall comprises panoramic landscape photographs made from 2008–2012 in East Jerusalem, Hebron, Ramallah, Bethlehem and in various Israeli settlements along the route of the barrier separating Israel and Palestine. Whereas Israel calls it the “security fence,” Palestinians call it the “apartheid wall,” and groups like Human Rights Watch use the term “separation barrier,” Koudelka’s project is metaphorical in nature--focused on the wall as a human fissure in the natural landscape. Sometimes blocks of concrete define the panoramas; at other times displaced olive trees--a lifeline for one man, collateral damage in another’s claim for territory--subtly emerge. As in his Black Triangle project, made in the Bohemian foothills of the Ore Mountains in the early 1990s, Wall conveys the fraught relationships between man and nature and between closely related cultures. A chronology, lexicon and captions provide context for the photographs. The book is designed by Xavier Barral, working closely with Koudelka. Wall is part of a larger project, This Place, initiated by photographer Frederic Brenner. This Place explores Israel as place and metaphor through the eyes of 12 acclaimed photographers, who were invited to look beyond dominant political narratives and to explore the complexity of the place--not to judge, but to question and to reveal.

In 1968, Josef Koudelka (born 1938) photographed the Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia, publishing these images under the initials P.P. (Prague Photographer). Koudelka left Czechoslovakia in 1970, became stateless, was then granted political asylum in England, and shortly thereafter joined Magnum Photos. Prior to Wall, Koudelka published ten books of photographs focusing on the relationship between contemporary man and the landscape, including Gypsies (1975), Exiles (1988), Black Triangle (1994) and Invasion 68: Prague (2008). Significant exhibitions of his work have been held at The Museum of Modern Art, New York and the International Center of Photography, New York. In 2012, Koudelka was named Commandeur de l’Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French Ministry of Culture.

Featured image is reproduced from Josef Koudelka: Wall.

PRAISE AND REVIEWS

TIME
Geoff Dyer
Individually, these photographs of the ‘security fence’ (as Israelis call it) or the apartheid wall (as it is known by the Palestinians whose lives and landscape are blighted by it) have a stark and spectacular beauty. Taken together they create a daunting feeling of visual incarceration so intense, on a scale so massive, that the sky itself is — by turns — implicated, outraged.

PDN
David Walker
Josef Koudelka's WALL is not a neutral assisment of Israel's construction of a 430- mile barrier separating Israel from the West Bank. His panoramic, black-and-white photographs of the structure and other significant landmarks, made between 2008 and 2012, are disorienting and brutal, utilizing motion blur, angled horizons and perspectives -ranging from expansive to intensely close-up - to contemplate the barrier's material and psychological effects. The captions for the images and other texts, written by researcher and writer Ray Dolphin, by and large focus on the questionable route of the wall and the hardships it's imposed on West Bank Palestinians.

Bookforum
Christopher Lyon
WALL: ISRAELI AND PALESTINIAN LANDSCAPE, 2008-2012 is Josef Koudelka's book of purposely ugly photos- from which we cannot turn away. His expansive, brooding black-and-white panoramas have a paradoxical effect: Rather than expand our field of vision they close us in, evoking the experience of closed-off lands and claustrophobic, walled-in streets. The images show not only the familiar eight-meter-tall concrete slabs of what Israel's government calls the "security fence" and Palestinians refer to as the "apartheid wall", but also barbed wire, gates, cages, observation towers, and all the other machinery of segregation.

The New York Times Book Review
Luc Sante
The vistas are resolutely grim, and Koudelka makes no attempt to aestheticize them, yet his sweeping photos are overwhelming. The moral chasm that opens between the sheer impact of the visual and knowledge of what is being depicted is fully intended: an invitation to consider, rather than to simply turn the page in horror and sadness.


Steve Middlehurst
Revisiting Josef Koudelka’s Wall – in 1944

River Jordan 1944. Photograph by Norman Middlehurst

For assignment 5 I have been looking back through old family photographs to find pictures of the village in which I grew up. Whilst doing this I came across my father’s photos from his service with the RAF in North Africa from 1941 to 1944 and was struck by the coincidence that many of his shots from 70 years ago are of the same landmarks and in similar places to the landscapes in Josef koudelka’s Wall *(1) which I reviewed a few weeks ago. I was very moved by the bleak story Koudelka tells of the human and environmental damage caused by the building of what the Isreali government calls the “Separation Barrier”.

Someone will have composed a more authoritative before and after than I can achieve using the holiday snaps of a RAF corporal enjoying a few days of relaxation in what he called the Holy Land. Dad was a religious man and his choice of subjects portray his excitement in visiting the places from the Bible. Some have been printed 170mm by 110mm and these have scanned quite well but many are only 80mm by 60mm and these have lost definition in the scanning process. Many are surprisingly good, beautifully composed and carefully exposed, surprising because I don’t have any particular memories of him using a camera until he retired and purchased an SLR to take on post retirement trips abroad.

I wish I could show his and Koudelka’s photos side by side but instead I will do my best to describe the differences and leave it to any interested reader to seek out images from the Wall to complete the picture (Magnum Photography is a useful source). Wherever possible I have scanned in my Father’s photos with the hand written descriptions from the pages of his album as these form part of the story. Overall they show a rural world that had changed little since Biblical times and I’m quite certain that he was intentionally highlighting this point.

Rachel’s Tomb 1944 – Photograph by Norman Middlehurst

Rachel’s Tomb was the photo that started off this chain of thought. This is said to be the third holiest site for Jewish people and is situated between Jerusalem and Bethlehem. The structure in the above photograph was build over the tomb around 1620 by the Ottomans.  It features twice in Koudelka’s series and in neither case can you see the above structure, I believe it still exists but it has been completely enclosed by a fortress, guard towers, soldiers and barbed wire. In Koudelka’s photos we see the huge concrete walls that have been diverted as a salient into Bethlehem to surround the tomb.

River Jordan & Red Sea from the Wilderness of Judea. Photograph by Norman Middlehurst 1944

River Jordan Fishermen 1944. Photograph by Norman Middlehurst

Koudelka tells us that “most of the Jordan valley and Dead Sea is designated as “Area C” and is reserved for the use of the Israeli military.” He shows derelict buildings on the shores of the sea behind a wire fence with a tank track in the foreground.

Bethlehem From the Shepard’s Field 1944. Photograph by Norman Middlehurst

Cana of Galilee 1944. Photograph by Norman Middlehurst

Koudelka says “Increasingly Palestinian farmers can only access their farmland on the de facto Israeli side of the wall with special Israeli issued ” visitor permits”.

The Good Samaritan Inn 1944. Photograph by Norman Middlehurst

The Good Samaritan Inn is 12 miles east of Jerusalem on the road to Jericho. Koudelka’s photo of Nabi Musa which the Arabs believe to be the tomb of Moses is just 6 miles further East. The comparative features are the absence above of what appear to be tank tracks and the barren landscape in Koudelka’s photograph. Whilst not mentioned in my father’s caption I am intrigued by the Arab man in the foreground who appears to be sighting a rifle.

Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives 1944. Photograph by Norman Middlehurst

I can’t see the walls of Jerusalem in Koudelka’s photographs but there is an interesting contrast above with his ariel shot of East Jerusalem. A rural landscape outside a medieval city is replaced by urban sprawl and a modern concrete defensive wall separating low rise Palestinian housing from high-rise Jerusalem.

The Toc “H” lancers Inside the Golden Gate 1944. Unknown Photographer.

The final photo I have chosen speaks of gentler times. I think this is my Father’s unit enjoying their leave in Jerusalem. Dad is the 4th military man from the right in his RAF cap.

Sources

Books

(1) Koudelka, Josef. (2013) Wall: Israeli and Palestinian Landscape 2008 – 2012. New York: Aperture

03 NOVEMBER 2013

The Politics of Josef Koudelka's WALL

"Koudelka’s pictures have an eerie, meditative texture. Many of them are structured around the glaring contrast between the Wall, always intrusive, harsh, ophidian, and the organic, still living world of hills, terraces, and valleys on either side of it. Paradoxically, these photographs are beautiful, almost too beautiful, to look at—despite, or perhaps because of, the raw wound they reveal."
I've lifted the passage above from this post at NYRB that Israeli activist and academic David Shulman has written on a new book* by Josef Koudelka. Shulman, himself a member of an Israeli-Palestinian Peace group called Ta‘ayush (meaning roughly 'living together'), is intimately familiar with the politics surrounding what the Israeli government euphemistically calls "separation barrier." I admire both Koudelka and Shulman immensely and have posted on each frequently- see here and here respectively. Here are a baker's half-dozen images from Koudelka:

A roadblock on Route 443 in the West Bank
Photograph © Josef Koudelka / Magnum Photos.

Replanted olive trees, Ma’ale Adummim settlement
Photograph © Josef Koudelka / Magnum Photos.

A demolished house near Qedar settlement. 
Photograph © Josef Koudelka / Magnum Photos.

Al ‘Eizariya, East Jerusalem. 
Photograph © Josef Koudelka / Magnum Photos.

A road sign indicating directions to Rachel’s Tomb and to Jerusalem
Photograph © Josef Koudelka / Magnum Photos.

Al Walaja, south of Jerusalem
Photograph © Josef Koudelka / Magnum Photos.

Aida refugee camp, Bethlehem area
Photograph © Josef Koudelka / Magnum Photos.

As Shulman attests these images depersonalize suffering. Does their beauty - and the fact that they are more or less wholly de-populated -  deflate the all to common worry that photography aestheticizes suffering?
__________
Josef Koudelka. WALL. (NY: Aperture, 2013).
Confronting Borders Old and New: An Interview With Josef Koudelka
 03/19/2015 01:17 pm ET | Updated May 19, 2015

Sylvia Sukop
Nonfiction artist and writer
“A great battle lost or won is easily described, understood and appreciated, but the moral growth of a great nation requires reflection, as well as observation, to appreciate it.” — Frederick Douglass, January 13, 1865


Prague, 1968. Image courtesy of the Art Institute of Chicago, promised gift of private collector. © Josef Koudelka/Magnum Photos

Observation is a defining practice of the lens-based artist, and the photograph (or film or video) is the record of that observation. The truth of that record, however, has been thrown into question since the medium’s inception. Photographic manipulation was and remains commonplace, whether for commercial, artistic, propagandistic or, in the era of the selfie, straight-up egoistic reasons. The American Civil War — the subject of Frederick Douglass’s speech 150 years ago — and subsequent conflicts throughout the world have been rife with examples. And today’s cameras are designed to make photo manipulation, even for amateurs, easier than ever. It’s a function seamlessly integrated into every smartphone, and Instagram is its apotheosis.

Enter Josef Koudelka. Fully engaged artistically and intellectually at 77, the legendary Czech-born photographer maintains a profound belief in the truth of the photograph and, perhaps more precisely, in the truth of the photographic negative. (He’s not alone. See Negatives, the new book of photographs by Chinese artist Xu Yong, who chose to publish his pictures of the 1989 pro-democracy protests in Tiananmen Square in their raw form, as negative images, because, as he told The New York Times, “negatives never lie.”)

Koudelka’s work emerged on the international scene before he did — his iconic images of the August 1968 Soviet-led invasion of Prague and its people’s ultimately futile resistance, were smuggled out of the country and, for his protection, published anonymously. In 1969, the still unnamed “P.P.” (for Prague Photographer) was awarded the prestigious Robert Capa Gold Medal by the Overseas Press Club. He has been associated with Magnum photo agency since 1971 and became a naturalized French citizen in 1987.


Czechoslovakia, negative 1968; print 1987-1988. Image courtesy of Josef Koudelka and Pace/MacGill Gallery, New York. © Josef Koudelka/Magnum Photos

Throughout the 1960s, Koudelka spent time in Roma, or Gypsy, communities and they became a longtime subject of his work. He made thousands of images, paring them down to hundreds and eventually dozens. This body of work, published in the 1975 Aperture monograph Gypsies, was my introduction to Koudelka. His vision — its immediacy and its mystery, its textures and shadows, its fundamental humanity — felt familiar to me in a way I had not been able to articulate until I had the opportunity to interview the artist recently in Los Angeles, where his first U.S. retrospective continues through March 22 at the J. Paul Getty Museum.

In person Koudelka reminded me of my father, both of them peripatetic exiles, restless and wiry, outgoing yet wary, buoyed through life by force of personality and ambition, enlisting supporters as they go. They even favored the same style of multi-pocketed khaki vest, always ready for action.

Koudelka was born in the town of Boskovice, in Moravia, in 1938. He trained initially as an engineer, played music, and began working in theater as a photographer, going on to become a world-renowned, fiercely independent master of the medium.

My father was born in Marko, Hungary, four years earlier and 200 miles south. He grew up on a farm but had a knack for science and languages that led him, later, to work as a chemist and ultimately a career as an educator and travel entrepreneur. He passed away in 2008.

Both men’s childhoods were marked by the chaos and privations of World War II. My father was 10 when the war ended, and in short order the Russians appropriated his family’s farm, relocating them and their neighbors to a distant Kolkhoz (collective farm). It was a rupture that could not be mended. In 1948, my father fled on foot, alone and in secret without telling even his parents, across the closed border to Austria. After a decade in a Hungarian refugee settlement in southern Germany, where he also earned an agricultural degree, he emigrated to the U.S. and became a naturalized citizen.

Despite the ostensible protection afforded by his new U.S. passport, my father was fearful returning to Hungary for the first time, with his wife and five children bundled into a rented white VW van. It was the summer of 1968 and I was seven years old. I had never been behind the Iron Curtain — did I even l know what that meant? I do remember armed soldiers and a long wait at the border in the heat, our dark blue passports handed through the van’s tipped-open windows, and my parents’ quiet trepidation, speaking only when questioned. Not understanding the language made it all the more sinister for us kids. Finally, we were allowed to pass.


Sukop family photograph taken in Hungary in 1968. In the front row: Sylvia, age 7, in a flowered dress. In the back row: The first three adults are her father Paul, mother Hedwig, and uncle Jószef. © Sylvia Sukop

The rest of that trip, spent among relatives in rural Hungarian villages, was a primal visual experience. A second-grade Catholic schoolgirl emerging from the relative confines of suburban Reading, Pennsylvania, I had never felt so sensorially engulfed. The images remain vivid, though not all were captured on film. My father’s stepmother in baggy dresses, stooped but smiling, her thick black eyeglasses made for a man; my quiet uncle Jószef, a truck driver and farmer, and the gentle way he had with his three children, my all-of-a-sudden cousins. A small barnyard beside the house, chickens chased, beheaded, boiled and plucked, blood and white feathers, and a wooden outhouse instead of a regular toilet indoors. Long, dimly lit evenings, extended family in loud conversation around too-small tables, fiery home-brewed Schnapps and sweet Lekvar cookies. A drafty old church, out-of-tune hymns echoing off the walls, sad priest flinging clouds from an ornate incense burner and, in miniature vestments, altar boys not much older than I. The walk down the road to the village cemetery, moist brown snails clinging to a weathered headstone and on that stone the last name Szukop, including the ‘Z’ my father had left behind when he became an American.

This intense Old World — passionate, hardscrabble, communal, scarred by war and poverty, yet bursting with camaraderie, uplifted and uplifting — was mine, but I was too young and my visits too infrequent to truly possess it. Encountering Koudelka’s books as a young adult, first Gypsies, later Exiles, brought that world back to me. I bought a poster of the man crouching beside the horse, the two seemingly in conversation, and lived with it in every apartment over the next three decades. And only now do I realize this iconic photograph, Romania, was taken in 1968, the same politically charged year that I first visited Eastern Europe, forever imprinted by the experience.


Romania, negative 1968; print 1980s. Image courtesy of the Art Institute of Chicago, promised gift of Robin and Sandy Stuart. © Josef Koudelka/Magnum Photos

The impressive exhibition currently at the Getty, Josef Koudelka: Nationality Doubtful, encompasses more than 140 photographs and books, from Gypsies and Exiles and the Prague ‘68 series, to the more recent, large-scale panoramic work, including Wall. Completed in 2013, Wall documents Israel’s controversial West Bank barrier and the distressed landscape that surrounds it.

For a man without a nation, Koudelka is a keen observer of its harsher mechanisms and the brutal toll they exact, not only on “moral growth” (to borrow a phrase from Douglass) but on people’s ordinary everyday lives.

I sat down with this famously nomadic man, for whom sitting does not always come easily, in a meeting room in the museum’s Photographs Department. Occasionally refreshing his cup from a pot of hot tea, Koudelka spoke — exacting in his choice of words, but not without moments of levity — of his early years, what drew him to document the Wall, and why he embraces the digital revolution.

You were born during the war, a time when Jews and Gypsies were persecuted and killed. Did you know Jews or Gypsies growing up?

I was born in a little village. There were no Gypsies and no Jews in the village. I didn’t know much about Gypsies and nothing about Jews. Gypsies I got to know later, when I left the village, but strangely enough I became more conscious of Jewish people only when I left Czechoslovakia. When I came to New York, for instance, the first question I was asked was, Are you Jewish? People got very disappointed when I said no. Nobody from the family? Your mother, maybe grandfather? Then the next question was: How is it possible? You are in Magnum, you are a good photographer — and you are not Jewish? [Laughing.]

What are your memories of the war?

My memories of the war are of German soldiers coming to my village, and people being taken away and never coming back. I also remember waking up one morning and seeing a dead body of a partisan in front of my house. My parents who usually listened in the evenings to the BBC broadcast for Czechoslovakia were afraid that the German Gestapo might come, and if they only touched the radio and it was warm they could be sent to the concentration camp. Then I remember the Russians coming in ‘45, as liberators. I saw my first cinema when the Russians came. They projected it in the meadow behind the village.

So this sense of disruption, of exile, came for you even earlier than 1968?

It is possible that if the Russians hadn’t invaded in 1968 maybe I would have never left Czechoslovakia. It is possible, but I can’t know.

That’s how my father felt — if the Russians hadn’t come he might not have left Hungary. Where’s your home base today?

I have two places, one in Paris and one in Prague, which I consider more as working spaces than the places in which I live. Most of the time I am only passing through Paris, and to Prague I go only to do certain work. I have been traveling during these 45 years and I never stay in any place longer than three months.


Al ‘Eizariya (Bethany), negative 2010; print 2014. Image courtesy of © Josef Koudelka/Magnum Photos

In terms of the project in Israel and Palestine — This Place — I know you were invited by Frédéric Brenner to participate. Why were you drawn to making your project, Wall?

On the one hand, I was interested in seeing Israel because I had never been there, but on the other, I really didn’t want to go there as I was not sure if I could do something good and manage to follow it through to the end in the way I thought it should be done. So for that reason when Frederic approached me, I said no. But finally I accepted his invitation on the condition that I could come for two weeks, just to see what it is about, and that I would pay for the airfare myself. I was so sure that I was going to refuse to participate in the project, that I didn’t want to feel any obligation to him. However, it happened that during this first trip I saw the Wall.

Seeing the Wall changed your mind?

I grew up behind the Iron Curtain, like many people in Eastern and Central Europe. All my life I wanted to go behind the Wall, to go on the other side. But in fact I never saw the Wall. It was difficult to get close, they wouldn’t let us. To try to get close meant that you are trying to escape. But in spite of that the Wall was present all the time in my mind. I wanted to get out of the cage, to see what was on the other side. I knew that what they were telling us was not true, that they were trying to manipulate us. I wanted to learn for myself what the truth is.

Did you set any conditions before committing to the project?

If I accept a commission that interests me, I want to know where the money comes from. This is a basic condition concerning whatever I do. I don’t want to be sponsored by money which origins’ I don’t know or money that might be connected to the arms industry, cigarette companies or anything similar. If someone gives you money, many times they intend to control what you do and if someone invites you to photograph something and pays you for it, you might feel a certain obligation. In the case of This Place it was no different. I was assured that I could photograph what I want, the way I wanted to photograph it and that the money came mainly from private American-based foundations. I was also guaranteed that none of the money came from the State of Israel.

One of my main conditions was of course to photograph both sides [of the Wall]. In fact, what I realized is that gradually the Wall is taking on the characteristics of a unilateral imposed border, replacing the internationally recognized Green Line. Already much of it runs inside the West Bank itself, on Palestinian land.

You know, it’s difficult to talk to people about the Wall, because anybody can have their own truth about it. There are several reasons for building the Wall, and sometimes people pick up the one that suits them the most. But it is much more complicated. A wall means a failure of society to solve certain problems. It doesn’t guarantee security.

Were you able to photograph on your own? Did you encounter people at the Wall?

In Czechoslovakia I couldn’t come close to the Wall. The situation is similar to what happens today in the West Bank. If a Palestinian person approaches the Wall it might mean he is running into trouble.

I was accompanied by the young Israeli photographer, Gilad Baram, who was also documenting our travels together. As I was discovering Israel and Palestine, he was discovering his own country too. This discovery changed him profoundly.

So you saw more of the Wall than most Israelis do?

I went to Israel and Palestine seven times, usually for about three weeks, and from morning until evening I photographed the Wall and the area around it. I saw more than most people who watch television or read the newspapers see. I believe I saw more than many Israelis see, as most Israelis try not to see the Wall. One Israeli poet told me when he saw my book: “You did something important. You made the invisible visible.”

What kind of impact do you hope to achieve through the Wall project?

I am very skeptical about the power of photography. I don’t expect anything [from publishing Wall]. I’m just showing what I saw. That’s it. I am not sorry that I went to Israel and Palestine because I think it was important to document it. In the case of This Place, it was a process of learning what it is about. When I finished the work I had a good feeling — I couldn’t do more and I couldn’t do it better.

For me, Israel and Palestine are a fascinating place. There are so many brilliant people there, so many sensitive people and so much energy. But it is a very sad place too. I have the feeling that many Israelis realize today that they have become what they didn’t want to be.


Prague, negative August 1968; print 1990. Image courtesy of © Josef Koudelka/Magnum Photos

You now use a digital camera. What has that transition meant for your work, and your working process?

Wall was my last project made completely on film. It was Kodak-sponsored. It is important to have it on film so nobody could deny that it existed. It is part of history. It was there and I photographed it as my eyes saw it.

To me the most important thing is to continue to photograph. I am 77 now and I still enjoy taking photographs. This might not be completely normal. When I met Cartier Bresson he was 62 and in that time he was already losing interest in photography.

Digital photography helped me to go ahead with my work. It helped me not to be dependent on sponsors which for my panoramic pictures I would usually have to be, even if just to buy the film, develop it and make the contact sheets. When Leica made a digital panoramic camera for me — which gave me a similar result to the analogue camera I was using before — I was very happy, because now I could pick up my camera, call my friends which I have all over the world, and just say, Can I sleep in your house? I made a few trips with both cameras in order to test the digital one. I found that on the last two trips I was actually taking more pictures, and enjoyed it more, when I was using the digital camera. I no longer need to carry with me 35 kilograms, only about 10 kilograms, and I don’t need to go through the X-ray machines which I really dislike. So the digital camera makes it easier, and also more interesting. I am 77 and I can say, Vive la Revolution! [Laughing.]

Since you travel constantly, having a place to take care of your work is important. I understand Magnum has been that place for you.

Magnum was extremely important for me since I left Czechoslovakia. I made friends there, it was my home and it was my address.

I see you’re wearing a digital watch and I am reminded of your famous watch picture from Prague ‘68.


When digital watches first came out I was with [fellow Magnum photographer] Cartier Bresson. I had just bought this cheap digital watch. I said to Bresson, I have this fantastic watch. It can wake me up! He looked at his Swiss watch and said, Let’s exchange! So we did. Two days later I came to Magnum and the digital watch was on my shelf, so I took off the Swiss watch and put it on his shelf. [Laughing.]

Josef Koudelka
Koudelka is bekend geworden om zijn poëtische en melancholische series als Gypsies en Exiles. Als persfotograaf heeft hij grote bekendheid gekregen door de wijze waarop hij de inval van de Russen in Praag in 1968 heeft vastgelegd. In 1970 vluchtte hij uit het toenmalige Tsjechoslowakije. In 1987 kreeg hij het Franse staatsburgerschap en kon hij voor het eerst terug naar zijn geboorteland. Hij maakte toen de serie Black Triangle over het landschap dat geheel was verwoest door industrialisatie en milieu-catastrofes.


Josef Koudelka heeft verscheidene grote prijzen ontvangen waaronder de Robert Capa Award en de Henri Cartier-Bresson Prijs voor Fotografie. Hij is sinds 1971 lid van Magnum Photos.